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Bob Crandall: How I'd Save The Industry

Posted by: Dean Foust on June 11

BobCrandall.jpgDuring Bob Crandall’s long tenure as CEO of American Airlines, the airline was truly an innovator—so much so that employees at AA had a certain swagger about them. They knew they were the best and brightest of the industry. It was on Crandall’s watch that American created one of the first frequent flyer programs in the industry, developed the most sophisticated reservation system of its time, and pioneered the concept of “yield management”—using sophisticated algorithms to constantly reprice fares to maximize the revenue for each flight. Labor relations was another matter, but Crandall knew—and knows—his business.

When the airline industry was deregulated in 1978, Crandall was one of the biggest critics. And with most airlines on the ropes from soaring oil prices, Crandall took the podium yesterday at The Wings Club in New York to offer his proposals to pull the industry out of its tailspin. Crandall doesn’t mince words about the industry’s condition:

Our airlines, once world leaders, are now laggards in every category, including fleet age, service quality and international reputation. Fewer and fewer flights are on time. Airport congestion has become a staple of late-night comedy shows. An even higher percentage of bags are lost or misplaced. Last-minute seats are harder and harder to find. Passenger complaints have skyrocketed. Airline service, by any standard, has become unacceptable.

For his part, Crandall doesn’t believe that mergers are the salvation of the industry:

In my view, the arguments in favor of consolidation are unpersuasive. Mergers will not lower fuel prices, they will not increase economies of scale for already sizable major airlines. They will require major capital expenditures and are likely to increase labor costs. Finally, they will disadvantage many employees, who incentive to provide good service will be further reduced.

I agree with Crandall on that point. Frankly, if the industry merged down into a single airline tomorrow, it wouldn’t take 24 hours for that carrier to announce a fare war and then gripe how it can’t make money.

Crandall has some intriguing proposals to save the industry (and I’ve deliberated saved one of the more intriguing/puzzling/controversial proposals for last, to allow more room for discussion). They include:

pilotstrike.jpg--Enabling the airlines to curb labor costs by outlawing strikes by airline labor groups. Crandall says airlines and their unions should be required to settle disputes in binding arbitration.

“The threat of binding arbitration would encourage both labor and management to adopt more moderate positions than has been true in the past while simultaneously moving all airlines closer to labor cost parity."

--Revising U.S. bankruptcy laws to...

“...deprive failed carriers of the right to use lower costs to undercut the fares offered by their more prudent rivals, forcing both management and labor to face the twin specters of liquidation and unemployment.”

In other words, take away the option of Chapter 11 and force troubled carriers into Chapter 7 – the mere threat of which could force labor groups to offer concessions more readily, rather than being content to milk the cow until it keels over and only then consent to a lower wage scale. You know this will be popular with workers…

--Creating regulations that limit the number of scheduled flights to what the airport can handle. This is already a problem at airports like JFK in New York, which routinely slot far more flights than was ever intended – explaining why your 5 pm flight never leaves before 7 pm. Crandall argues that current schedules should be “reduced proportionally,” which would force each carrier to use the largest feasible aircraft in each slot. So bye-bye regional jets—and bye-bye competition.

JetBlue2.jpgMaybe I’m wrong but this proposal would seem to have the effect of stunting the growth of popular (and fast-growing) carriers like JetBlue, since late-booking passengers would effectively be steered to other carriers that still have seats available. You think I’m wrong?

--Relaxing antitrust laws in a way that gives airlines more latitude to strike “code-sharing” alliances with other carriers. Code-sharing arrangements were designed to allow airlines to contract with another carrier which would fly the last leg of a connecting flight where Airline A doesn’t have enough traffic to warrant a flight of its own (or in the case of international routes, might not have landing rights in that far-flung city. On a flight from Atlanta to Istanbul, I flew Delta Air Lines to Frankfurt, then Delta put me on a Turkish Air flight the rest of the way—and likewise coming back. Such arrangements exist in the U.S., but are less common).

Critics say these arrangements can be anti-competitive, but Crandall believes they would help carriers get passengers where they want to go, and in a way that’s more efficient and profitable for the industry.

-- Here’s the most intriguing of Crandall’s ideas: Return the industry to a greater degree of government regulation, at least on fares.

“Unfettered competition just doesn’t work very well in certain industries, as amply demonstrated by our airline experience and by the adverse outcomes associated with various state efforts to deregulate electricity rates. In my view, it is time to acknowledge that airlines look and are more like utilities than ordinary businesses."

Crandall notes that the extreme view would be to...

“...establish minimum fares sufficient to cover full costs and produce a reasonable return. While I would fully support such an approach, the idea is deeply offensive to those who cling to the belief that the markets can solve everything.”

Crandall believes a less-intrusive way to help the industry would be to create a regulatory agency requiring passengers traveling on a connecting flight to pay “the sum of the local fares” on their itinerary. In other words, no airline could charge fares for connecting flights that were less than what they charge for both of the individual legs.

hubandspoke.gifI admit that, of all Crandall’s proposals, this is the real head-scratcher because at American, Crandall was credited with pioneering the “hub and spoke” system that funnels passengers from small markets through big hubs in cities like Dallas, Atlanta and Chicago. Clearly, it’s less efficient than point-to-point flying, but proponents have long argued that it enables airlines to provide more travel options to people in small market.

On its face, though, this proposal would seem to greatly favor discounters like Southwest whose business models were built around point-to-point flying, and penalize the traditional carriers like American and Delta that built extensive hub-and-spoke networks (and probably are guilty of offering cheaper fares on connecting flights – perhaps only because that’s what it takes to lure passengers away from point-to-point rivals like Southwest.)

I am dying to know whether this is a sign Crandall believes the hub-and-spoke system is broken, or what. I’ve got a call into Crandall, and as soon as I hear back, I’ll post his response.

Reader Comments

m@

June 11, 2008 04:44 PM

Are you serious? Take even more power away from labor groups by adopting a "no-strike" policy? Was UAL cutting retirees' pensions by 64 percent due to those money-grubbing pilots or extremely poor management of the carrier?

jeff

June 11, 2008 06:56 PM

Of course the hub and spoke system is broken. Isnt that obvious? Southwest makes money because they go for point to point and passengers love it. There are 10x more airports in this country which are never used because of the idiotic hub and spoke. Code sharing helps but wont solve the basic choke points that hub and spoke invokes.

Michael John Spain

June 11, 2008 07:49 PM

Typical Crandall it's always labor's fault, never management and their pilfering the profits with exhorbitant payouts, bonuses, silver parachutes, stock options and trust funds. It's always the worker's fault!

Dante

June 11, 2008 08:54 PM

I agree with Crandal. Regulation is the way to go. Go back to the high luxury prices of yester-year. We are swamped with the unwashed masses piling onto these planes right now. Flights are always delayed due to overcrowding. Terminals are way to busy and you have low lives swarming around the luggage area. Return it to high price fares back when regulations were norm. So that only the Rich may travel. The poor can do what they've always done: sit in traffic jams.

(Deep sarcasm here.)

AA Flight attendant

June 11, 2008 09:31 PM

Crandall....we miss you. When you were our leader , we knew

where we stood. We flight attendants were an unavoidable ex

pense. You didn't like us...and we didn't like you. But we knew

you were savy and that many of us were hired because of your

grand plans. Now we are tired . I, for one, would welcome a new approach...especially one of Bob's....

Bonz

June 11, 2008 09:39 PM

What a cry-baby! Waaa! Keep me in business, Mister Government Man. Let me make a profit! No strikes? Now *there's* a blow for liberty! There is a precise, technical term for what Crandall advocates: it is classical "fascism".

Crandall wants more regulations on airports. Who got airports as screwed up as they are? The gummint.

Better solution: privatize airports, all of them. At a minimum, let them auction off gate access and landing slots to the highest bidder. That would raise the price of a 5PM flight, but dramatically lower a 3AM flight, and "neutralize" time of day crowding issues.

My local movie house charges more for a ticket after 6PM -- why should airlines be exempt from the law of supply and demand?

Joseph C. Coen

June 11, 2008 09:48 PM

I've been an AA fan for lots of years and used AA to travel about 1,000,000 plus miles in my corporate career. I've not only met Mr. Crandall but sat next to him on several occasions flying with AA when he was CEO. The man is a genus and I would go to the bank with what he says as far as the airline industry goes. He is the oracle of the airways, listen to him.

justpatrick

June 11, 2008 11:18 PM

Bob Crandall was a not a well liked CEO, however, he was and is one of the most knowledgeable and best CEO's the airline has ever seen. His views should be taken seriously. American Airlines, under his watch, was truly a good, if not great, airline. Listen, and maybe you will learn!

KG

June 12, 2008 12:55 AM

Could not agree more on the comparison between the airline industry and the utilities industry! As someone who has spent the last two decades doing strategy for utilities and also logged millions of miles as one of the most frequent fliers, it doesn't take a genius to realize that the most common denominator between the two industries is ASSETS. These are the two MOST asset heavy and fuel-price dependent industries among any other. And thus it makes perfect sense to employ some lessons learned from the electric utilities' operating model (where you can/may have an unregulated WHOLESALE/RETAIL arm while the asset-arm of the business is totally regulated with a guarranteed rate of return)

gr8fun4me

June 12, 2008 01:11 AM

I agree, I want decent food on my flight. I want service, not cheap flights where it is nothing more than a cattle car. I want the routes regulated where I can take my ticket to any carrier when I miss a flight. Back to the way it was. Deregulation has NOT worked on anything the government tried. From airlines to the breakup of AT&T, to energy and now they I find out that they have privatized the student loan program and graduates who want to borrow money to go back to school have to pay 8.5%. And of course the cost of public education has gone through the roof even though they get tax money. It's turning out that our whole system of capitalism is under duress. Everything is eff'ed up!

Paul

June 12, 2008 03:11 AM

What a crock! Yield management led American Airlines to have a plethora of aircraft types, (MD-90, 737, 747, 757, 767) many with unique seating arrangements. Compare that model with Southwest (737 jets and coach class only). Southwest has to train its pilots on one aircraft type versus American's requirement for having a stable of pilots trained and certified on several aircraft types. Of course, Mr. Crandall did NOT mention American's penchant for predatory pricing to ensure that new entrants in its backyard did have the cash flow to stay alive. Nor did he mention the fact that without the Wright amendment, the competition out of Love Field in Dallas would have laid waste to American's hub at DFW. For the record, I do NOT own stock in any airline.

BeenThere

June 12, 2008 10:34 AM

It's inacurate to write "Bob Crandall was a not a well like CEO...." He had his enemies. But there were literally thousands of us who would laugh and say "sure, he's an a******, but he's our a******." We knew he was brilliant and cared deeply about the company and about us. And there are still hundreds of us who have gone on to successful careers in other industries who would returned to that tired old race horse -American Airlines- if we could just have his leadership once again.

Karl

June 12, 2008 11:31 AM

Robert Crandall may not be liked by labor unions, but he is the most knowledgeable and the best CEO that the airline industry has seen. He is the Warren Buffet of the industry and one whom the government and the other airlines should listen too. However we all know that that will never happen. As an employee of American Airlines for over 25 years he was the best, but the unions ran him out in favor of Don Carty who managed to destroy many of the things built by Bob. American would not be in shape it’s in today if Bob were still there. Those that were screaming for his departure now find themselves in a much worst situation. Due to their arrogance they deserve it. For those of us who understand, his advice is on target, for the ones that do not I guess they still believe in the tooth fairy.

LTO

June 12, 2008 01:11 PM

Revisionist history at its best. This is a guy that regularly killed ideas and valid, constructive criticism because his mind was made up. All he has done now is to change his mind. Well, as he always used to say, "Things change", including, apparently, his mind and view of history.

BigDnolongerinBigD

June 12, 2008 04:18 PM

Bob Crandall was the best leader American ever had. Not the most well liked, but certainly the most respected since the era of C. R Smith. He was tough and demanding, but he also was fair and allowed people latitude if they were honest with him. Being honest was challenging sometimes because of his reactions when he did not agree, but if you believed strongly enough and could stand nose to nose with him, you often got your chance. In the final analysis, while not every decision he made was perfect - for example, not buying Pan Am's Pacific routes when we could, many former AAers like myself feel strongly that AA is still here today because of his innovation, the foundation he laid in management processes, and his performance expectations from all levels of the company. I agree with Joseph Coen (above). Listen to him!

AA Flyer

June 12, 2008 05:32 PM

I fly AA... and ONLY AA! Why? Well, they are cheaper, more reliable and very accomodating to me and my travel patterns. I have specific routes I fly and AA is almost perfect for those routes, with the exception of SFO-BOS which somehow is more expensive than SFO-NYC.
I like stopovers, especially in Dallas. Gives me a chance to walk out, strech my legs, have a smoke and relax for a few minutes before my next flight. I am able to buy a cheap ticket on a later return flight, land in Dallas and hitch a ride on a much earlier flight to any of the 3 airports of the Bay Area, usually OAK. AA gladly accomodates me.
I like the fact that even coach has power ports in some of the seats so that when I do fly coach I can bring my own visual entertainment.
I don't much care for the food... but that's a given nowadays for domestic flights. No matter... but AA serves me well and I am loyal for those reasons.
Southwest is cheap only if you buy your tickets well in advance, whereas with my erratic 2-3 day notice on flights, AA is cheaper. Compare their ticket prices to Southwest for an urgent flight.... you'll see the difference.

And if they do happen to increase their fares a little I won't mind... As consumer we're trained to seek the lowest price and complain when we don't get it. But while the airlines are in the business of making money, just like the rest of us they are suffering when they go to the pump. It is not just unfair but idiotic to ask that they give you the same service at the same price while their costs of providing you that service have skyrocketed.

AA Employee

June 12, 2008 08:10 PM

As a AA employee of 20 yrs, member of a union, I can say, Bob Crandall was tough, especially on the unions, but he knew how to run an airline. I would have no problem with him coming back as CEO of AA. I know it would be tough for awhile to sort through the mess that Don Carty and Gerard Arpey have made, but it would be worth it in the end. As someone already said, this guy is a genius.

derf69

June 13, 2008 01:07 PM

My kudos to Crandall.
39 year UAL employee who has seen this industry go from cream of the crop to the cr**per.
SOMEONE has to listen -

Better Information

June 13, 2008 01:35 PM

in response to jeff's comment on June 11th.. The reason southwest makes money is only because of their hedging program.. they would be losing lots more than the hub and spoke carriers if it was not for their hedging..

aa employee

June 13, 2008 02:10 PM

having gone thru some of the worst turmoil in airline history, furloughed twice and faced with the possibility of yet another, i must say don carty as well as gerard arpey have done nothing but run our airline into the ground with absolutely no concern for the people who have made and are still making this airline run/work.
it would be a wonderful thing to have someone like mr. crandall step up (again) and get this thing turned around, really turned around. like it or not, it takes real people to deal with real passengers, and both groups have been less than happy for some time. we want to be nice to our customers we want to be happy to come to work, but the company has made it almost impossible to 'keep smiling' and to many this job has become and insult and drudgery.
someone 'go get 'em and run this airline as it should be run'!

RetiredAAer

June 13, 2008 03:55 PM

I retired after 27+ years and was always proud to answer when people asked, "where do you work"? And, many would say, "jeez, you work for the Tirant, Crandall"? Yes, he's the Bes-of-the-Best, I would reply. There only two other airline execs I would have been honored to work "with"; Herb Kelleher (WN) and Gordon Bethune (CO).
Actually, Southwest does have several hubs around the country; namely PHX, LAS, DAL, LAX, BWI, MDW. Admittedly, they do have a substantial presence in Point-to-Point flying they cannot serve all cities in this manner. And, they as well as jetBlue, Midwest, AirTran do have a case for 1 or 2 a/c types, but none of the above are flying to the Far East, Europe or S. America. To do so, they indeed would need long range a/c.
Unions! Wow, now there's a subject that will cripple any industry. i.e., steel, ship building, trucking, etc. Delta's "drivers" were so proud when they beat management into submission and got the highest paying contract in the industry. And that did exactly what? Pressured others to make the same pitch and threaten management with slowdowns & strikes.
Management! Wow, another group that needs to be beaten with old seatbelts.
Tell your employees you're going to have to give back or we'll go into bankruptcy, and then vote themselves bonus' and secret stock options! OMG!

Bob Mulligan

June 13, 2008 08:12 PM

THE AIRLINE BUSINESS WAS A SPECIAL PLACE FOR EMPLOYEES MANY YEARS AGO, i AM NOW RETIRED AND GLAD OF IT. THE AIRLINE EMPLOYEE WITH SHIFT WORK AND NON TRADITIONAL WORK SCHEDULES, HAS SUFFERED FROM THE INDUSTRY DUMBING DOWN SINCE DEREGULATION.
WHERE WILL THE AIRLINE EMPLOYEES COME FROM IN THE FUTURE?

Onthebeach

June 14, 2008 04:03 PM

Re-regulation is justified because our country depends on air travel. There is no alternative, passenger rail cannot do it. The DOT should allocate routes, flight frequency and impose a surchage for prime time flights. The hardest problem will be to get rid of the mentality that got us to where we are today - the arrogance of senior managements and unions will continue unless something changes. Bob fought degregulation but when it becasme a reality he became the meanest dog on the block.

mark

June 14, 2008 04:17 PM

Crandell said
"Enabling the airlines to curb labor costs by outlawing strikes by airline labor groups. Crandall says airlines and their unions should be required to settle disputes in binding arbitration."


Does this include binding arbitration on the wages and bonuses of airline executives?

You can't put a cap on the wages of labor without putting a cap on the wages and bonuses of management.

nothing works

June 14, 2008 06:57 PM

None of the ideas posted by Crandall or anyone else is going to work because none of them will ever be implemented. I've been saying for years not one (right - not even Southwest) airline can survive in the industry mess made by well meaning but ignorant polititians, and not so ignorant but get rich quick business executives. Watch the news, it's happening - European airlines are pressing for ownership rights of our airlines, and when there's no hope left for a viable U.S. only industry, the far better run foreign carriers will step in. Northwest and Delta will most likely have a faster merger than any airlines before, but that isn't going to do anything but produce a bigger airline for Air France to take over. I just don't understand how a country can think you can sell seats on a 100 million dollar airplane cheaper than a bus. I've worked over 30 years for various airlines; what a disappointing career that turned into.

Aircraft tech

June 14, 2008 07:11 PM

As a 20-year employee of Alaska Airlines I have experienced , what is called “the 3 to 5 year plan”. New Upper Mgm’t comes in and re-invents the wheel about every 3 to 5 years. We change vendor maintenance sites around the country (Goodrich, AAR, Pemco, Cascade in Canada and now we are looking at having our A/C Maintained in Mexico....) The excuse given, is the ability to save money. This is at the cost of giving our US Maintenance jobs to another Country. While I realize that every company is in business to make a profit for the stock holder, we all need to understand that if all of our “middle class” jobs are exported to “Third-World” countries, the majority of us will be “Greeters at Wal-Mart” or some other “Minimum” wage job. AT this rate, who will need the airlines?
If Mr. Crandall truly believes that Re-Regulation will solve the airline problem, Good Luck! As I hope to retire within the next 15 years and my 401k retirements that the “Corporate America” has saddled us with has not prospered as advertised, maybe Mr. Crandall’s “Re-Regulated” Airlines will bring back better Pay/Retirements and keep us from becoming a Country of only haves and have-nots with no middle-class.

BILL THOMPSON

June 15, 2008 08:28 AM

AS A RETIREE OF AA, I WOULD GO WITH WHATEVER BOB CRANDALL SAID. I WAS AN AGENT AND ALWAYS MR. CRANDALL TO BE FAMILIAR WITH THE ENTIRE OPERATION..SMART MAN..PEOPLE SHOULD LISTEN.

John

June 16, 2008 09:39 AM

I agree with putting a minimum fare in each market - one that is established by a "true cost" to move a passenger from point A to point B. It should be low - meaning, the minimum fare should be based on what a really good, efficient airline can do, but such that it prevents new low fare entrants that dont have a chance in the long term from entering and punishing the guys with decent business plans.

He's right on labor.. sorry guys, but unions creates decreased supply and higher unemployment.. take a community college econ class for further elaboration on that subject.

UA employee

June 17, 2008 10:06 AM

I would listen to Crandall. He is similar to what Lee Iacocca was for the auto industry. I rank him among the giants of the air industry, Juan Tripp of PanAm and Howard Huges of TWA.

Brad Ackerman

June 19, 2008 01:40 PM

The unfettered competition that Mr. Crandall complains about would be nice. We can start by dropping cabotage restrictions.

Bob

June 21, 2008 08:15 PM

Re Crandall of AA. We are seeing the steady slide of our once great airline industry into chaos and ultimatly an Amtrak with Wings unless we get some kind of reregulation and a partial fuel subsidy from the taxpayer or will we sell out in financial desperation to the European Union countries and their airlines who salivate at the thought of majority ownership andcabotage rights in the USA.

Les

July 1, 2008 02:13 PM

I agree with Crandall, I've never liked him personally, but thats not the issue here. This industry is like Utilities. With deregulation you got exorbitant Exec pay and the unions decided they had better get theirs before it was gone, ending in a death spiral for this and many other industries. 20 years ago average CEO pay was 40x ave. worker pay, now it's 433x ave. worker pay, and we wonder why everyone is pissed off? We are destroying the middle class. I now here people talk about a violent revolution that I never heard before this last year. I think Crandall is correct. We also need a standard pay scale for all hourly(re. all) airline workers so good/bad management will actually mean something, not just a large paycheck for execs. to blame labor. Funny how Southwests pilots are among the best paid and they still make money...Funny :-(

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About

BusinessWeek editors Dean Foust and Justin Bachman provide road warriors with the latest news, trends in business travel, which as most readers are aware, has all the romance of taking a school bus cross country. Come here to pick up travel news and tips or just commiserate about your latest business trip gone awry.

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